Sensing the emperors weakness, northern province warlord An Lushan mounted a rebellion and occupied the capital in 755 A.D., forcing Xuanzong to flee. The Spanning multiple theaters of war, including Western and Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific, the Second World War saw France occupied by Germany in 1940, Japan attack the United States in 1941, and Russia betrayed by Germany only to rally and ultimately capture Berlin in 1945. This rebellion involved the death of some 1336 million people, making it one of the deadliest wars in history. The Battle of Anqing (1861), by Wu Youru (c. 1886). He executed An Qingzong and An's first wife Lady Kang, and forced An Qingzong's present wife, Lady Rongyi, to take her own life. The time of the Three Kingdoms is widely regarded as one of, if not the, bloodiest in Chinese history. Late Yuan Warfare & Transition to Ming Dynasty (Death Toll Estimate: 30 Million) 12. Geshu's subordinate Huoba Guiren () seized him and surrendered to Yan forces. Seizing several major cities from the Ming, including Shenyang to serve as their new independent capital, the situation entered an approximate stalemate for the next quarter-century. The rebellion was originally led by An Lushan, a general officer of the Tang military system. Beginning in 1206, Genghis Khan, having united the Mongol people under a single banner for the first time in history, unleashed his new empire upon the world. The event involved military activity and direct deaths from battle, but also significant associated Along the way, as Tang local officials surrendered to An Lushans forces, they were treated with respect and joined his ranks. The An Lushan Rebellion spanned from 16 December 755 to 17 February 763. WebScholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population, leading to a predominantly barbaric legacy. His sheer weight once crushed to death a horse[43] and he needed three servants to help him to put on and take off his clothes when he visited Huaqing Pool. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article The Spanish-Aztec War of 1519-1521 was the first conquest by the Spanish Empire of a major pre-Columbian American civilization, setting in motion the European colonization of the Americas. An considered withdrawing north of the Yellow River to secure the territory, but meanwhile, suspicions had begun to rise between Yang Guozhong and Geshu, each believing that the other had designs on himself. Atlantic Slave Trade (Death Toll Estimate: 15 Million) 13. By this time, it was clear that the new dynasty would be short-lived, and generals and soldiers alike began to defect to the Tang army. The revolt, named the An Lushan Rebellion, ruptured through the imperial army. When An went to Chang'an later that year to pay homage to Emperor Xuanzong, he presented Emperor Xuanzong with 8,000 Xi captives. The blow that mortally weakened Tang was the Huang Chao rebellion, which raged for a full decade from 874 to 884. 33,500+. Due to the slowness of the Yan advance, the Yan forces were unable to capture either Emperor Xuanzong, who eventually reached Shu Commandery, or Li Heng, who fled to Lingwu and took the Tang imperial title there (as Emperor Suzong). In 755, An Lushan, following 8 or 9 years of preparation, instigated the An Lushan Rebellion, proclaiming himself the ruler of a new dynasty, Yan . An Lushan's mother was a Gktrk of the Ashide clan and served as a sorceress. According to historical sources, his original name might have been Aluoshan or Galuoshan, which meant "war" in Old Turkic. With the army on the verge of mutiny, the Emperor had no choice but to agree, ordering the execution of Yang Guozhong and the suicide of Lady Yang. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion (755763 ce) was an dealt a death blow to the cost-effective . Press J to jump to the feed. Xuanzong, the Tang emperor also known as Ming Huan (enlghtened emperor), reigned from 713-756 and was patron to Wang Wei, Li Bo, and Du Fu. 343 BC290 BC. Pemberontakan ini terjadi dari 16 Desember 755 hingga 17 Februari 763, dan jumlah kematian mencapai 36 juta, menjadikannya jumlah kematian akibat perang terbesar hingga Perang Dunia II . The surnames Kang and An suggest that they were respectively from the Sogdian kingdoms of Samarkand (; cf. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Welcome to r/AskHistorians. An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 AD) The An Lushan Rebellion happened in the Chinese Tang Dynasty when a Tang general established a rival dynasty in the North. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. The imperial officials were all apprehensive, because An had the strongest troops of the realm at the time, except for Yang, who believed that An could be suppressed easily. On the night of 29 January 757,[3] with Yan and An Qingxu watching outside, Li Zhu'er took a sword into the palace and attacked An Lushan. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. (Xuanzong recognized Li Heng's actions and subsequently took the title Taishang Huang (retired emperor).) [41], Meanwhile, An had Emperor Xuanzong's sister, Princess of Huo, as well as a number of other imperial relatives, executed, and sacrificed their organs to An Qingzong. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion. This rebellion involved the death of some 1336 million people,[37] making it one of the deadliest wars in history. Marching on the island capital of Tenochtitlan, one of the largest cities in the world with an estimated population of 250,000-300,000 people, the Aztec Emperor, Moctezuma II, welcomed the Spanish to his city. [35] In spring 754, Yang asserted, to the Emperor, that An was set on rebelling, an accusation Yang had made before. History sometimes seems to be an inevitable process but it was not. Zhang was set to execute An Lushan by caning, when An Lushan yelled out, "Is it that you, Lord, do not wish to destroy the two barbarian tribes? Pulleyblank, E. G. "The An Lu-Shan Rebellion and the Origins of Chronic Militarism in Late T'ang China", in. [36], On Lunar New Year's day, 756 (5 February[1]), An Lushan declared himself Emperor at Luoyang, establishing a new state of Yan, making Zhang Tongru and the surrendered Tang official Daxi Xun () his chancellors. Before the revolt, estimates put the population within the city walls at from 800,000-1,000,000. An Lushan Rebellion. Despite concluding in the unconditional surrender of the Axis to the Allies, tensions did not abate; instead, the emergence of the United States and Soviet Union as rival superpowers merely provided the foundations for the half-century Cold War that was to follow. Traditionally dated as beginning on September 1, 1939, following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the subsequent declarations of war by the United Kingdom and France in retaliation, the war rapidly expanded to engulf the majority of the world. However, this figure is contested for various reasons, and scholars attribute part of the "deaths" (the count being derived from the difference in population according to the Tang census before and afte However, victory for the Yan dynasty would be short-lived for in January 757 An Lushan was murdered by his son, An Qingxu; in turn, An Qingxu was killed by General Shi Siming, who was then himself murdered by his own son, Shi Chaoyi to become emperor. Rebellious general An Lushan declared a rivaling Yan Dynasty. By borrowing troops from neighboring tribes to put down the Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty lowered its prestige in the eyes of the barbarians, who eventually began raiding Tang settlements again. Wanting to show his military abilities, he often pillaged the Khitan and the Xi. Emperor Xuanzong was pleased by the comical situation and rewarded both Consort Yang and An greatly. Pulleyblank, Oxford University Press (1955), Mexico and the Spanish Conquest, Ross Hassig, Longman (1994), Imperial China, Raymond Dawson, Hutchinson (1972), Gods Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan, Jonathan Spence, W.W. Norton (1996), The Mongol Conquests in World History, Timothy May, Reaktion Books (2012), The History of the Mongol Conquests, J.J. Saunders (2011), The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD, Rafe de Crespigny, East Asian History (1991), The Second World War, Antony Beevor, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2012), The Second World War, Winston Churchill, Houghton Mifflin (1948-1953), England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075-1225, R. Bartlett, in New Oxford History of England, J.M. He paid frequent visits to the capital and became a personal favorite of Emperor Xuanzong and his beloved Consort, Yang Guifei. WebWeird History: An Lushan Rebellion. The Imperial forces then recaptured both Changan and Luoyang, though they failed to pursue the fleeing rebels. What would come would devastate China, and millions would perish in its wake, resulting in one of the most brutal and cataclysmic rebellions on human history. The toll of dead and missing, including those who died by suppression and famine, is estimated at up to thirty-six million, or two-thirds of the total population on the An Lushan rebellion in 8th century China is one of the bloodiest conflicts in history. Italy. Eventually An Lushan was made governor of three major frontier provinces in the northeast, giving him control of the eastern half of Chinas frontier, and putting him in control of 40 percent of the Tang forces. The rebellion of An Lushan (703-757), in Chinese known as the "rebellion of An [Lushan] and Shi [Siming]" ( An Shi zhi luan This is exactly what I was looking for!! An Lushan therefore took the name of An. An Lushan Rebellion; Map of military movements during the An Lushan Rebellion: Date: 16 December 755 17 February 763 (7 years, 2 months and 1 day) Location: Northern China. Please consider Clicking Here for RemindMeBot, or using these alternatives. The alternative term An Lushan Rebellion neglected the participation of Shi Siming, a subordinate of An Lushan and later leader of the rebellion after murdering An New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Before the revolt, estimates put the Despite superior numbers, the geography of the mountain passes precluded an advance on the capital of Changan until 756, at which point Xuanzong was forced to flee to Sichuan where he abdicated his throne. Later in 754, An defeated Xi forces, capturing their chieftain Li Riyue (). The blow that mortally weakened Tang was the Huang Chao rebellion, which raged for a full decade from 874 to 884. In the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written! Few historical events have caused as much death and destruction as the World Wars. Death toll estimations are based on historical census data. Yang Guozhong later accused Wei of bribing An's associate Ji Wen (), and Wei and Ji were both demoted. A great revolt broke out that shook China to its very core. Geshu, with Emperor Xuanzong repeatedly ordering him to attack, was forced to do so, and was defeated by Cui. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. [36], In winter 755, An launched his rebellion on 16 December,[38] claiming he had received a secret edict from Emperor Xuanzong to advance on Chang'an to remove Yang. He was summoned to Chang'an, the Tang capital, several times and managed to gain favor with Chancellor Li Linfu and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang. With a counted, estimated death toll of around 8 to 12 million people, the gruesome war was fought between the powerful, major ethnic groups in China. Wikimedia Commons. An reported this to Emperor Xuanzong, who ordered a retesting before him personally. This was an ethnic based war, which was done with religious underpinnings and it also took place during the earliest 19th century in China. He escaped from the city and joined the Tang army as a mercenary. Chinese territory increased enormously and the [19][22], On his side, Matsui Hitoshi, noting that nothing in the historical records provides hard evidence of Sogdian origin and that An Lushan was living at Yingzhou, a settlement of Kumo Xi and Khitan people, suggests that "Perhaps [An Lushan's father] might have been of Khitan origin. The Portal for Public History. In mid-reign, he fell in love Yang Guifei, the wife of his eighteenth son, and she then became his favorite consort. Came for this. WebIts death toll is estimated to be between 5% and one-sixth of the world's total population at the time. Allegations of An's bribes to Fu also reached the Emperor, who then had Fu executed, and sent another eunuch, Feng Shenwei () to Fanyang to again summon An Lushan, who ignored the summons. Returning to complete the conquest of China, the Jin dynasty would be ended in 1234, followed by the Song in 1279 whereupon Kublai Khan proclaimed himself the Yuan Emperor. When Zhang returned to Chang'an and praised An, Emperor Xuanzong promoted An to be the commandant at Ying Prefecture and the commander of Pinglu Army, to defend against the Khitan, the Xi, Balhae, and the Heishui Mohe. He subsequently had Shi defend against the Khitan counterattack, and Shi was able to repel the Khitan. an lushan rebellion death toll percentagehow to cite creative commons in powerpoint. Between 4 oz. Chinese territory increased enormously and the His mother was a Turkic Shaman, and belonged to the nobility of a Turkish clan. It was in many ways your standard, textbook peasant uprising resulting from all the usual markers of a dynastic decline: famine, natural catastrophe, burdensome taxation, eunuch corruption, and what have you. There were many occasions when a major change could have WebIn the course of the conflicts, Timurs armies are estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of approximately 5% of the human population across Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 755, when Zhang Xun was in the prime of his life, the Tang Golden Age was shattered. The An Lushan Rebellion refers to a massive war that occurred in China on 16 December 755 AD. Censuses taken in the half-century before the rebellion show a gradual increase in population, with the last census undertaken before the rebellion, that of 755, recording a population of 52,919,309 in 8,914,709 taxpaying households. In July 756 An Lushan and his rebel forces captured Changan, an event that had a devastating effect upon this thriving metropolis. [40], Once he had assumed the imperial title, An Lushan spent most of his time inside the Luoyang palace. Lady Kang, mother of Prince Qingxu (executed by, Six other sons, names unrecorded in history. [16] Meanwhile, Yan Zhenqing's cousin Yan Gaoqing (), who initially submitted to An, rose against An at Changshan Commandery (, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei) but was quickly defeated and delivered to An in Luoyang; An executed him and sent An Qingxu to make an initial attack against Tong Pass, and Geshu Han repelled the attack. On 23 February, when An was summoned to the palace, Consort Yang, in order to please Emperor Xuanzong, had an extra-large infant wrapping made, and wrapped An in it, causing much explosion of laughter among the ladies-in-waiting and eunuchs. [16], It was said that An Lushan knew six non-Chinese languages, and, after he grew older, served as an interpreter in one of the military markets, which were set up by the Chinese government largely to obtain horses in exchange for silk through foreign trade. On June 1, 1864, Hong died and Nanjing fell in his absence on July 19. fubing (garrison soldiery) system of soldier-cultivators, in which soldiers east provinces and lost 25 to 30 percent of the tax base. Seeing the imminent threat to Changan, Xuanzong fled to Sichuan with his household. Following many years of political turmoil in Eurasia, all seemed to calm down with the rise and expansion of the Tang Dynasty in China. Although it is difficult to The event involved military activity and direct deaths from battle, but also WebThe Taiping Rebellion was a major civil war in China during the mid 19th century. FOR SALE! [30] Why do you want to cane An Lushan to death?" [32], In 743, An visited Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Xuanzong. In 1644, after decades of famine, floods, and economic woes, the impasse was broken when the Ming suffered an internal rebellion led by Li Zicheng. An Lushan Rebellion. Some Tang officials north of the Yellow River resisted An Lushan under the leadership of Yan Zhenqing, the governor of Pingyuan Commandery (, roughly modern Dezhou, Shandong). Zu Tianli (Chinese, 20th C.) "Year of the Dog" Original Watercolor on 175635071378 After my death, he will be your emperor." The rebellion spanned the reigns of three emperors, starting during the reign of Xuanzong and ending during the reign of Daizong. Weban lushan rebellion death toll percentage; an lushan rebellion death toll percentage. On one occasion, three days after his birthday, he was taken into the womens quarters of the palace dressed as a baby, and put through a mock adoption ceremony by Yang. [15] His father died early, and his mother Lady Ashide married a Turkic general An Yanyan (), who was a brother of the general An Bozhi (). Please be sure to Read Our Rules before you contribute to this community. Morton, W. Scott, and Charlton M. Lewis. An Qingzong, who was then at Chang'an, reported Yang's attack to An Lushan, causing considerable concern to An Lushan, who, thereafter, refused to attend the funeral of an imperial prince in summer 755, and did not offer to send a large number of horses to Chang'an that autumn, which aroused the suspicions of Emperor Xuanzong. After being intercepted escaping, the Yan Emperor committed suicide to avoid capture thus ending the rebellion. Pivoting to the West after the execution of his ambassadors by the Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis invaded Khwarezmia in 1919; taking just two years to conquer the Central Asian nation, the Mongols slaughtered at least 25% of the local population who suffered approximately 2,000,000 fatalities. [2][7][18][19][20][21] The An are not to be confused with Anxi, which had been established as a prefecture by the Chinese in 661. An Lushan approached Changan with limited resistance, and in the summer of 756, the city, which had a metro population of roughly 2 million, was sacked. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was a 7-year rebellion against Tang rule in China launched by the Turkic general An Lushan, who founded the Great Yan dynasty in northern China. Zu Tianli (Chinese, 20th C.) "Year of the Dog" Original Watercolor on 175635071378 The Dungan At An's request, Emperor Xuanzong allowed him to award his soldiers with high ranks without first receiving imperial approval. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion. An tried to fight back, but could not locate a sword that he had put under his bed. Matsui, Hitoshi (Japan). The Conquest of Mexico by Corts; author unknown (c. late 17th century). Emperor Xuanzong responded, "He is the reserve emperor. Through Yangs patronage, An Lushan rose to prominence. FOR SALE! I had only known about Your Imperial Majesty, and not that there is such a thing as a reserve emperor." In the interim years, the Mongols, under the leadership of gedei Khan, invaded Eastern Europe, defeating Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Serbia, in addition to solidifying control over the Middle East after the sack of Baghdad in 1258. Jump Zhang Shi was not able to even write one character in response to Emperor Xuanzong's reexamination. Wars of Alexander the Great. The name An Lushan is the Sinicized version of the name An Rokhan. You must log in or register to reply here. Press J to jump to the feed. He moved rapidly along the Grand Canal of China and captured the city of Luoyang within the year. With a counted, estimated death toll of around 8 to 12 million people, the gruesome war was fought between the powerful, major ethnic groups in China. Drives me nuts. Wang Wei, born in 699 A.D., served in the Tang court, but wrote many of his most famous poems from a Buddhist monastery, where he took up study following a rebellion that led to the death of his wife. [32] Also in 747, An Lushan was given the honorary title as chief deputy imperial censor (, Ysh Df), and Lady Duan, now described as his wife, although Lady Kang was still alive, was created a lady.[16]. [2] Around that time, An Lushans army was thoroughly defeated in a campaign against the Khitans, and China suffered other military setbacks at the hands of the Arabs in the Battle of Talus and Nanzhao in southern China. In 755, after the High Chancellor Li Linfu died, An Lushan came into conflict with Li's replacement, Yang Guozhong, who was Yang Guifeis cousin. Xuanzong, now believing An was as submissive to him as a son to a father, showed him even greater favors. The Tang dynasty was severely weakened in 755 by the An Lushan Rebellion, which swept China into a seven year long civil war, and ultimately resulted in a collapse of border defences. 1), p. 105. or "the luminous", Beckwith, p. 145, n. 18, The sources differ about whether she was An Lushan's wife or concubine, and further were unclear as to her title. There, An Lushan declared himself Emperor of the new Great Yan dynasty (), and launched the An Shi Rebellion (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: n Sh Zh Lun), also known as the Tianbao Rebellion (), because An Lushan started it in the fourteenth year of that namesake era. However, carrying the honorary title of deputy chief imperial censor () at this point, he was respectful of his colleague Wang Hong (), an associate of Li Linfu's, although initially not Li Linfuand therefore, on one occasion, Li Linfu intentionally summoned Wang Hong in An's presence, and when Wang Hong arrived, he was paying Li Linfu great respect, causing An to be surprised and apprehensive, and thereafter An carefully cultivated his relationship with Li Linfu as well. Zhong, Han. Jump to latest Follow Reply. In 752, he wanted to launch a major counterattack against the Khitan, requesting that the ethnically Tujue general Li Xianzhong () accompany him. In all, the war-related deaths numbered around 7-12 million people. WebThe death of Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca on 29 August 1533, Luis Montero (c. 1867). Son to a massive war that occurred in China on 16 December 755 AD death. Percentage ; An Lushan rose to prominence sons, names unrecorded in history atlantic Trade! 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